Can a wizard cast a spell during their first turn of combat if they initiated combat by releasing a readied...

Instead of a Universal Basic Income program, why not implement a "Universal Basic Needs" program?

Do the common programs (for example: "ls", "cat") in Linux and BSD come from the same source code?

Are ETF trackers fundamentally better than individual stocks?

Why does overlay work only on the first tcolorbox?

Math equation in non italic font

Different outputs for `w`, `who`, `whoami` and `id`

What options are left, if Britain cannot decide?

Employee lack of ownership

Brexit - No Deal Rejection

Explaining pyrokinesis powers

Can a wizard cast a spell during their first turn of combat if they initiated combat by releasing a readied spell?

et qui - how do you really understand that kind of phraseology?

Is there a symmetric-key algorithm which we can use for creating a signature?

A single argument pattern definition applies to multiple-argument patterns?

Why one should not leave fingerprints on bulbs and plugs?

Is it true that good novels will automatically sell themselves on Amazon (and so on) and there is no need for one to waste time promoting?

The meaning of 振り in 無茶振り

Why does a Star of David appear at a rally with Francisco Franco?

Is a party consisting of only a bard, a cleric, and a warlock functional long-term?

Is it normal that my co-workers at a fitness company criticize my food choices?

New passport but visa is in old (lost) passport

Could this Scherzo by Beethoven be considered to be a fugue?

A diagram about partial derivatives of f(x,y)

Do I need life insurance if I can cover my own funeral costs?



Can a wizard cast a spell during their first turn of combat if they initiated combat by releasing a readied spell?


Can players “Ready” outside of combat?How long can a readied spell be held before it's lost?Can a character drop a weapon in order to cast a spell that is a reaction?Can Dispel magic be used on a readied spell before the trigger occurs?Can a readied spell be Counterspelled after it is cast, but before the trigger occurs?What happens to the readied spell if you ignore all triggers?At what point does a caster define the target of a spell?Do you get your free interaction during a readied action?How specific does the Action for Ready need to be?Are there serious Balance Implications to permitting Bonus Actions to be Readied/Prepared?Can you Ready a Concentration spell?













2












$begingroup$


My wife plays a wizard. We hear Orcs coming up the hall. The wizard decides to ready a spell for when the door opens. So she casts the spell and holds it until 10 seconds later the door opens initiating the trigger. BOOM the fireball goes off. Combat begins. Can she cast on the first round of combat even though she released the energy of the readied spell as a triggered reaction?



My first inclination is, YES, because she didn't cast the spell at the beginning of combat, she did that when she readied the spell. She just released its energy as a REACTION to the door opening, outlined on page 193.










share|improve this question









New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already, and check out the help center for more guidance.
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    56 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Related: Can players “Ready” outside of combat?
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    54 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Where the Orcs aware of the presence of enemies beyond the door?
    $endgroup$
    – Ruse
    47 mins ago


















2












$begingroup$


My wife plays a wizard. We hear Orcs coming up the hall. The wizard decides to ready a spell for when the door opens. So she casts the spell and holds it until 10 seconds later the door opens initiating the trigger. BOOM the fireball goes off. Combat begins. Can she cast on the first round of combat even though she released the energy of the readied spell as a triggered reaction?



My first inclination is, YES, because she didn't cast the spell at the beginning of combat, she did that when she readied the spell. She just released its energy as a REACTION to the door opening, outlined on page 193.










share|improve this question









New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already, and check out the help center for more guidance.
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    56 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Related: Can players “Ready” outside of combat?
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    54 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Where the Orcs aware of the presence of enemies beyond the door?
    $endgroup$
    – Ruse
    47 mins ago
















2












2








2





$begingroup$


My wife plays a wizard. We hear Orcs coming up the hall. The wizard decides to ready a spell for when the door opens. So she casts the spell and holds it until 10 seconds later the door opens initiating the trigger. BOOM the fireball goes off. Combat begins. Can she cast on the first round of combat even though she released the energy of the readied spell as a triggered reaction?



My first inclination is, YES, because she didn't cast the spell at the beginning of combat, she did that when she readied the spell. She just released its energy as a REACTION to the door opening, outlined on page 193.










share|improve this question









New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$




My wife plays a wizard. We hear Orcs coming up the hall. The wizard decides to ready a spell for when the door opens. So she casts the spell and holds it until 10 seconds later the door opens initiating the trigger. BOOM the fireball goes off. Combat begins. Can she cast on the first round of combat even though she released the energy of the readied spell as a triggered reaction?



My first inclination is, YES, because she didn't cast the spell at the beginning of combat, she did that when she readied the spell. She just released its energy as a REACTION to the door opening, outlined on page 193.







dnd-5e spells initiative readied-action






share|improve this question









New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|improve this question









New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 1 hour ago









Ruse

6,04511351




6,04511351






New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 2 hours ago









Bryan T BennettBryan T Bennett

111




111




New contributor




Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already, and check out the help center for more guidance.
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    56 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Related: Can players “Ready” outside of combat?
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    54 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Where the Orcs aware of the presence of enemies beyond the door?
    $endgroup$
    – Ruse
    47 mins ago




















  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already, and check out the help center for more guidance.
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    56 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Related: Can players “Ready” outside of combat?
    $endgroup$
    – V2Blast
    54 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    Where the Orcs aware of the presence of enemies beyond the door?
    $endgroup$
    – Ruse
    47 mins ago


















$begingroup$
Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already, and check out the help center for more guidance.
$endgroup$
– V2Blast
56 mins ago




$begingroup$
Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already, and check out the help center for more guidance.
$endgroup$
– V2Blast
56 mins ago












$begingroup$
Related: Can players “Ready” outside of combat?
$endgroup$
– V2Blast
54 mins ago




$begingroup$
Related: Can players “Ready” outside of combat?
$endgroup$
– V2Blast
54 mins ago












$begingroup$
Where the Orcs aware of the presence of enemies beyond the door?
$endgroup$
– Ruse
47 mins ago






$begingroup$
Where the Orcs aware of the presence of enemies beyond the door?
$endgroup$
– Ruse
47 mins ago












3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















3












$begingroup$

No. Readying actions is not how you should handle an ambush.



It is a mistake for the DM to allow players to spend actions (by readying an action to use later) before combat has started. Until you roll for initiative, gameplay isn't broken up into actions in that way.



Instead, the DM should rule that the Orcs are surprised by the players, who have set up an ambush for whoever opens the door. The rules for surprise are written on Page 72 of the Basic Rules and page 189 of the Player's Handbook:




The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither side tries to
be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM
compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the
passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing
side. Any character or monster that doesn’t notice a threat is
surprised at the start of the encounter.



If you’re surprised, you can't move or take an action on your first turn of the
combat, and you can't take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can
be surprised even if the other members aren't.




In practice using the regular surprise rules will work out much like allowing the PCs to ready actions before the combat starts. The wizard could cast a fireball on the turn the Orcs spend being surprised, and then another one one the next turn, as the Orcs start to fight. If they roll well enough on initiative, they might get both spells off before the Orcs can do anything at all.



If it makes sense given the situation (or just seems more fun), the DM could probably allow the players to have surprised the Orcs without requiring any Stealth checks. But beware if you're a player and you ask for that, as it might give the DM license to have monsters ambush your party as you go through some future doorway, without allowing you a Perception check either!






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    1












    $begingroup$

    Yes — everything you say is correct. The only restriction on casting multiple spells on the same turn comes in when you cast a spell as a bonus action. Your reaction is not a bonus action.






    share|improve this answer









    $endgroup$





















      -1












      $begingroup$

      Yes



      In this case, the reaction starts the combat. Before the reaction, there is no turn. Once combat starts (after the reaction), she gets her turn, at which point she had casted no spells on her turn.






      share|improve this answer









      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        Why the downvote?
        $endgroup$
        – NoOneIsHere
        1 hour ago










      • $begingroup$
        I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
        $endgroup$
        – V2Blast
        53 mins ago











      Your Answer





      StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
      return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
      StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
      StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["\$", "\$"]]);
      });
      });
      }, "mathjax-editing");

      StackExchange.ready(function() {
      var channelOptions = {
      tags: "".split(" "),
      id: "122"
      };
      initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

      StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
      // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
      if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
      StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
      createEditor();
      });
      }
      else {
      createEditor();
      }
      });

      function createEditor() {
      StackExchange.prepareEditor({
      heartbeatType: 'answer',
      autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
      convertImagesToLinks: false,
      noModals: true,
      showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
      reputationToPostImages: null,
      bindNavPrevention: true,
      postfix: "",
      imageUploader: {
      brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
      contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
      allowUrls: true
      },
      noCode: true, onDemand: true,
      discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
      ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
      });


      }
      });






      Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










      draft saved

      draft discarded


















      StackExchange.ready(
      function () {
      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2frpg.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f143312%2fcan-a-wizard-cast-a-spell-during-their-first-turn-of-combat-if-they-initiated-co%23new-answer', 'question_page');
      }
      );

      Post as a guest















      Required, but never shown

























      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      3












      $begingroup$

      No. Readying actions is not how you should handle an ambush.



      It is a mistake for the DM to allow players to spend actions (by readying an action to use later) before combat has started. Until you roll for initiative, gameplay isn't broken up into actions in that way.



      Instead, the DM should rule that the Orcs are surprised by the players, who have set up an ambush for whoever opens the door. The rules for surprise are written on Page 72 of the Basic Rules and page 189 of the Player's Handbook:




      The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither side tries to
      be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM
      compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the
      passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing
      side. Any character or monster that doesn’t notice a threat is
      surprised at the start of the encounter.



      If you’re surprised, you can't move or take an action on your first turn of the
      combat, and you can't take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can
      be surprised even if the other members aren't.




      In practice using the regular surprise rules will work out much like allowing the PCs to ready actions before the combat starts. The wizard could cast a fireball on the turn the Orcs spend being surprised, and then another one one the next turn, as the Orcs start to fight. If they roll well enough on initiative, they might get both spells off before the Orcs can do anything at all.



      If it makes sense given the situation (or just seems more fun), the DM could probably allow the players to have surprised the Orcs without requiring any Stealth checks. But beware if you're a player and you ask for that, as it might give the DM license to have monsters ambush your party as you go through some future doorway, without allowing you a Perception check either!






      share|improve this answer











      $endgroup$


















        3












        $begingroup$

        No. Readying actions is not how you should handle an ambush.



        It is a mistake for the DM to allow players to spend actions (by readying an action to use later) before combat has started. Until you roll for initiative, gameplay isn't broken up into actions in that way.



        Instead, the DM should rule that the Orcs are surprised by the players, who have set up an ambush for whoever opens the door. The rules for surprise are written on Page 72 of the Basic Rules and page 189 of the Player's Handbook:




        The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither side tries to
        be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM
        compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the
        passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing
        side. Any character or monster that doesn’t notice a threat is
        surprised at the start of the encounter.



        If you’re surprised, you can't move or take an action on your first turn of the
        combat, and you can't take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can
        be surprised even if the other members aren't.




        In practice using the regular surprise rules will work out much like allowing the PCs to ready actions before the combat starts. The wizard could cast a fireball on the turn the Orcs spend being surprised, and then another one one the next turn, as the Orcs start to fight. If they roll well enough on initiative, they might get both spells off before the Orcs can do anything at all.



        If it makes sense given the situation (or just seems more fun), the DM could probably allow the players to have surprised the Orcs without requiring any Stealth checks. But beware if you're a player and you ask for that, as it might give the DM license to have monsters ambush your party as you go through some future doorway, without allowing you a Perception check either!






        share|improve this answer











        $endgroup$
















          3












          3








          3





          $begingroup$

          No. Readying actions is not how you should handle an ambush.



          It is a mistake for the DM to allow players to spend actions (by readying an action to use later) before combat has started. Until you roll for initiative, gameplay isn't broken up into actions in that way.



          Instead, the DM should rule that the Orcs are surprised by the players, who have set up an ambush for whoever opens the door. The rules for surprise are written on Page 72 of the Basic Rules and page 189 of the Player's Handbook:




          The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither side tries to
          be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM
          compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the
          passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing
          side. Any character or monster that doesn’t notice a threat is
          surprised at the start of the encounter.



          If you’re surprised, you can't move or take an action on your first turn of the
          combat, and you can't take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can
          be surprised even if the other members aren't.




          In practice using the regular surprise rules will work out much like allowing the PCs to ready actions before the combat starts. The wizard could cast a fireball on the turn the Orcs spend being surprised, and then another one one the next turn, as the Orcs start to fight. If they roll well enough on initiative, they might get both spells off before the Orcs can do anything at all.



          If it makes sense given the situation (or just seems more fun), the DM could probably allow the players to have surprised the Orcs without requiring any Stealth checks. But beware if you're a player and you ask for that, as it might give the DM license to have monsters ambush your party as you go through some future doorway, without allowing you a Perception check either!






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          No. Readying actions is not how you should handle an ambush.



          It is a mistake for the DM to allow players to spend actions (by readying an action to use later) before combat has started. Until you roll for initiative, gameplay isn't broken up into actions in that way.



          Instead, the DM should rule that the Orcs are surprised by the players, who have set up an ambush for whoever opens the door. The rules for surprise are written on Page 72 of the Basic Rules and page 189 of the Player's Handbook:




          The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither side tries to
          be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM
          compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the
          passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing
          side. Any character or monster that doesn’t notice a threat is
          surprised at the start of the encounter.



          If you’re surprised, you can't move or take an action on your first turn of the
          combat, and you can't take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can
          be surprised even if the other members aren't.




          In practice using the regular surprise rules will work out much like allowing the PCs to ready actions before the combat starts. The wizard could cast a fireball on the turn the Orcs spend being surprised, and then another one one the next turn, as the Orcs start to fight. If they roll well enough on initiative, they might get both spells off before the Orcs can do anything at all.



          If it makes sense given the situation (or just seems more fun), the DM could probably allow the players to have surprised the Orcs without requiring any Stealth checks. But beware if you're a player and you ask for that, as it might give the DM license to have monsters ambush your party as you go through some future doorway, without allowing you a Perception check either!







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited 10 mins ago









          V2Blast

          24.7k383155




          24.7k383155










          answered 28 mins ago









          BlckknghtBlckknght

          37126




          37126

























              1












              $begingroup$

              Yes — everything you say is correct. The only restriction on casting multiple spells on the same turn comes in when you cast a spell as a bonus action. Your reaction is not a bonus action.






              share|improve this answer









              $endgroup$


















                1












                $begingroup$

                Yes — everything you say is correct. The only restriction on casting multiple spells on the same turn comes in when you cast a spell as a bonus action. Your reaction is not a bonus action.






                share|improve this answer









                $endgroup$
















                  1












                  1








                  1





                  $begingroup$

                  Yes — everything you say is correct. The only restriction on casting multiple spells on the same turn comes in when you cast a spell as a bonus action. Your reaction is not a bonus action.






                  share|improve this answer









                  $endgroup$



                  Yes — everything you say is correct. The only restriction on casting multiple spells on the same turn comes in when you cast a spell as a bonus action. Your reaction is not a bonus action.







                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered 1 hour ago









                  mattdmmattdm

                  16.6k877122




                  16.6k877122























                      -1












                      $begingroup$

                      Yes



                      In this case, the reaction starts the combat. Before the reaction, there is no turn. Once combat starts (after the reaction), she gets her turn, at which point she had casted no spells on her turn.






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$













                      • $begingroup$
                        Why the downvote?
                        $endgroup$
                        – NoOneIsHere
                        1 hour ago










                      • $begingroup$
                        I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
                        $endgroup$
                        – V2Blast
                        53 mins ago
















                      -1












                      $begingroup$

                      Yes



                      In this case, the reaction starts the combat. Before the reaction, there is no turn. Once combat starts (after the reaction), she gets her turn, at which point she had casted no spells on her turn.






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$













                      • $begingroup$
                        Why the downvote?
                        $endgroup$
                        – NoOneIsHere
                        1 hour ago










                      • $begingroup$
                        I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
                        $endgroup$
                        – V2Blast
                        53 mins ago














                      -1












                      -1








                      -1





                      $begingroup$

                      Yes



                      In this case, the reaction starts the combat. Before the reaction, there is no turn. Once combat starts (after the reaction), she gets her turn, at which point she had casted no spells on her turn.






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$



                      Yes



                      In this case, the reaction starts the combat. Before the reaction, there is no turn. Once combat starts (after the reaction), she gets her turn, at which point she had casted no spells on her turn.







                      share|improve this answer












                      share|improve this answer



                      share|improve this answer










                      answered 1 hour ago









                      NoOneIsHereNoOneIsHere

                      620418




                      620418












                      • $begingroup$
                        Why the downvote?
                        $endgroup$
                        – NoOneIsHere
                        1 hour ago










                      • $begingroup$
                        I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
                        $endgroup$
                        – V2Blast
                        53 mins ago


















                      • $begingroup$
                        Why the downvote?
                        $endgroup$
                        – NoOneIsHere
                        1 hour ago










                      • $begingroup$
                        I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
                        $endgroup$
                        – V2Blast
                        53 mins ago
















                      $begingroup$
                      Why the downvote?
                      $endgroup$
                      – NoOneIsHere
                      1 hour ago




                      $begingroup$
                      Why the downvote?
                      $endgroup$
                      – NoOneIsHere
                      1 hour ago












                      $begingroup$
                      I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
                      $endgroup$
                      – V2Blast
                      53 mins ago




                      $begingroup$
                      I didn't downvote, but there is an unaddressed assumption that it's possible to ready spells/actions before combat begins; perhaps the downvoter felt your answer was unsatisfactory because it failed to address that.
                      $endgroup$
                      – V2Blast
                      53 mins ago










                      Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










                      draft saved

                      draft discarded


















                      Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.













                      Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












                      Bryan T Bennett is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
















                      Thanks for contributing an answer to Role-playing Games Stack Exchange!


                      • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

                      But avoid



                      • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

                      • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


                      Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


                      To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




                      draft saved


                      draft discarded














                      StackExchange.ready(
                      function () {
                      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2frpg.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f143312%2fcan-a-wizard-cast-a-spell-during-their-first-turn-of-combat-if-they-initiated-co%23new-answer', 'question_page');
                      }
                      );

                      Post as a guest















                      Required, but never shown





















































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown

































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown







                      Popular posts from this blog

                      Anexo:Material bélico de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile Índice Aeronaves Defensa...

                      Always On Availability groups resolving state after failover - Remote harden of transaction...

                      update json value to null Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara ...